![]() ![]() This experiment is designed to give you a qualitative introduction to the spectra emitted by some s-block elements when their atoms are excited by heating in a Bunsen flame. IBDP Chemistry Guide (2025 First Examination).Structure 1.5.4-The relationship between the pressure, volume, temperature and amount of an ideal gas is shown in the ideal gas equation PV = nRT and the combined gas law.Structure 1.5.3-The molar volume of an ideal gas is a constant at a specific temperature and pressure.Structure 1.5.2-Real gases deviate from the ideal gas model, particularly at low temperature andhigh pressure.All collisions between particles are considered elastic. Structure 1.5.1-An ideal gas consists of moving particles with negligible volume and no intermolecular forces.Structure 1.4.6-Avogadro’s law states that equal volumes of all gases measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules.Structure 1.4.5-The molar concentration is determined by the amount of solute and the volume of solution.The molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule. Structure 1.4.4-The empirical formula of a compound gives the simplest ratio of atoms of each element present in that compound.Structure 1.4.3-Molar mass M has the units g mol^–1.Structure 1.4.2-Masses of atoms are compared on a scale relative to 12C and are expressed as relative atomic mass Ar and relative formula mass Mr.One mole contains exactly the number of elementary entities given by the Avogadro constant. Structure 1.4.1-The mole (mol) is the SI unit of amount of substance.Structure 1.4-Counting particles by mass: The mole.Structure 1.3.7-Successive ionization energy (IE) data for an element give information about its electron configuration.Structure 1.3.6-In an emission spectrum, the limit of convergence at higher frequency corresponds to ionization.Structure 1.3.5-Each orbital has a defined energy state for a given electron configuration and chemical environment, and can hold two electrons of opposite spin.Structure 1.3.4-A more detailed model of the atom describes the division of the main energy level into s, p, d and f sublevels of successively higher energies.Structure 1.3.3-The main energy level is given an integer number, n, and can hold a maximum of2n^2 electrons.Structure 1.3.2-The line emission spectrum of hydrogen provides evidence for the existence of electrons in discrete energy levels, which converge at higher energies.Structure 1.3.1-Emission spectra are produced by atoms emitting photons when electrons in excited states return to lower energy levels.Structure 1.2.3-Mass spectra are used to determine the relative atomic masses of elements from their isotopic composition.Structure 1.2.2-Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.Negatively charged electrons occupy the space outside the nucleus Structure 1.2.1-Atoms contain a positively charged, dense nucleus composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons).Structure 1.1.3-The temperature, T, in Kelvin (K) is a measure of average kinetic energy Ek of particles. ![]()
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